Ketogenic diet for mental health: Come for the weight loss, stay for the mental health benefits?
By Anne Mullens, BSc, BJ | Medical review by Dr. Bret Scher, MD | Updated February 5, 2021. | Evidence based
When Ole Jørgen Hessen of Norway started a ketogenic diet in January 2017, he simply wanted to lose weight. “I saw some pictures and video of myself. I hadn’t realized how big I was.”
So the Oslo-based software technician, 28, combined a ketogenic diet with intermittent fasting. He cut out all sugar, fruit and refined or starchy carbs, eating primarily meat, fish, eggs, nuts and above-ground vegetables. A favourite dish of his is a special Norwegian reindeer stew called Finnbiff.
Most days he eats during a three-hour window, usually a small afternoon snack like beef jerky and then his evening meal.
“It felt right. It was easy,” he says. Over the past year he has lost more than 140 pounds (63 kilos). He feels and looks great.
Another welcome change occurred: his rapid cycling bipolar II disorder became much more stable and manageable. This form of bipolar disorder includes having four or more quick transitions between depression and hypomania (moderate elevation of mood and anxiety) within a year.1
While Hessen still had five “mood cycles” in 2017, all of them were easier for him to handle.
“My cycles are much milder now,” he says. “My elevated moods are more predictable, and I can still sleep properly and focus my extra energy when elevated. My depressions are less intense, and when depressed I can still be interested in my hobbies and friends. Everything is much more predictable and easy to deal with.”
In short, Hessen came to keto eating for the weight loss, but he is staying for its positive impact on his mental health.
He was diagnosed in 2014 with bipolar II disorder, a milder but still serious form of bipolar disorder, when he was working in Finland and suddenly began rapidly shifting between hypomania and depression almost weekly. He feels now that the condition has likely been with him for most of his life.
“I have had depressions for as long as I can remember, from the age of three or four,” he says.
He posts regularly on ketogenic forums on Reddit, sharing his experience with others who are contemplating doing the diet for mental health reasons.
“I am always really careful not to raise any false expectations. The diet is by no means a cure for the chronic illness that bipolar is. However, the diet is a great tool to help manage it,” he says.2
Hessen is not alone. Reddit and other social platforms have comment threads in which people on the ketogenic diet report improvements for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder and even schizophrenia.
Can a ketogenic diet help prevent, reduce or better manage some mental health conditions? While clinical research in humans to date is slim, a growing body of research on ketones’ impact on brain function — and a large number of anecdotes — suggests that it just might.3
Poor mental health: An increasing global issue
In 2014, a large review found that one in five people had experienced a mental health condition within the past year, and nearly one in three (29%) had at some point in their life.4 Since 2005 rates of depression in the US have increased significantly.5 What’s more, depression now affects more than 264 million people globally and is a leading cause of disability worldwide.
Those with mental health conditions have higher rates of physical illness and premature mortality, with lifespans potentially shortened by an estimated 10 to 30 years.6 People with mental health conditions also have higher rates and worse outcomes for chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer.7
Dr. Georgia Ede, a US psychiatrist with a passion for food’s impact on brain health, feels there is a strong connection between rising rates of mental distress and the obesity and diabetes epidemics.
I believe the decline in mental health around the world has a lot to do with the decline in the quality of our diet over the last 75 years.
Dr. Georgia Ede
“Why should the brain be any different than the rest of the body?” says Dr. Ede, who has her own website Diagnosis Diet, and is featured in popular videos at Diet Doctor on low-carb for mental health and Alzheimer’s disease.
I believe the decline in mental health around the world has a lot to do with the decline in the quality of our diet over the last 75 years,” she says.
Dr. Ede believes the two main driving factors for brain distress are high consumption of refined carbohydrates like flours, baked goods, cereals, fruit juice and sugar and refined and processed vegetable and seed oils.8
“What do we know about those ingredients? We actually know a lot,” says Dr. Ede. “Both those ingredients (refined carbohydrates and refined industrial oils) may promote inflammation and oxidation.” 9
However, the topic of vegetable oils and inflammation is controversial. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (the highest-quality evidence) found no evidence that linoleic acid, the main omega-6 fatty acid in vegetable oils, increases inflammation, at least in healthy people.10
According to Dr. Ede, “Many mental health disorders are very strongly linked to inflammation and oxidation, just like many physical illnesses are.”11
Cutting out refined carbohydrates via a low-carb or ketogenic diet may improve mental health, just as doing so can reverse diabetes and promote weight loss, she notes.
Powerful anecdotes
12 What has happened to individuals diagnosed with serious mental health conditions who have adopted a low-carb or ketogenic diet? Some of the anecdotes are inspiring, while others have not seen a strong, lasting result.
“I feel better than I can ever remember,” said Scheto, 34, diagnosed with schizophrenia in his late teens, who was amazed by the ketogenic diet’s impact on his brain. “My brain is firing better than it has in years, but astonishingly the symptoms (voices) have lessened by what must be 90%. My brain is silent again and I can concentrate.”
The Diet Doctor site also has received a number of testimonials. Symptoms of bipolar illness improved in Asa, Sharon and Allison. Depression and/or anxiety eased for Tim, Kara and Tonya.
However, Adam, 37, of Atlantic Canada, tried both a keto diet and then a carnivore diet for more than two years. He contacted Diet Doctor to share his negative experience. He is now convinced both diets made his anxiety worse and triggered the onset of terrifying panic attacks, as well as ongoing dizziness.
“I just wish someone in all the threads and articles I’d read had said something like, ‘If you do not feel better within a few weeks, do not continue it,’” Adam says.
Clinically, some family doctors have seen their patients’, and their own, mental health improve.
In 2017 Seattle physician Dr. Ted Naiman, who has been helping patients with low-carb and keto diets for 20 years, described how his own obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) was resolved almost instantly on a low-carb diet
Definitely bipolar, depression, anxiety, OCD, all seem to be much better on a low-carb diet.
Dr. Ted Naiman
Over the years, Naiman says he has seen dramatic mental health improvements in his patients who adopt a low-carb or ketogenic diet. “Definitely bipolar, depression, anxiety, and OCD all seem to be much better on a low-carb diet,” he says.13
In 2009, Drs. Eric Westman and Bryan Kraft published a case study of a 70-year-old woman with life-long schizophrenia. Diagnosed at age 17, she had experienced daily visual and auditory hallucinations (skeletons that urged her to hurt herself) since the age of seven. She also had obesity, sleep apnea, hypertension, and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), among a number of other health issues.
After only eight days on the ketogenic diet, the voices and hallucinations stopped. At the time of publication she had continued the ketogenic diet for more than a year, with no return of hallucinations, and had lost more than 22 pounds (11 kg).14
None of these testimonies surprise Dr. Georgia Ede. Not only was her own anxiety and depression alleviated on a ketogenic diet, she constantly gets comments on her blog from individuals with similar experiences.
Her 2014 column about low-carb diets and bipolar disorder now has more than 100 comments, and climbing, from a number of people with diagnosed mental health conditions whose symptoms improved on a low-carb or ketogenic diet.
A March 2018 column by Dr. Ede, about managing psychiatric medications while eating a ketogenic diet, elicited this comment from Vicky French: “Since starting keto almost five months ago I’ve had some major improvements in depression and anxiety. I was on five psychiatric medications. With the help of my psychiatrist, I am off three medications.”15
“These sorts of personal stories shed light on the relationship between food and mood that research studies cannot,” said Dr. Ede. “If we wait for science to properly test these theories we will be waiting for years. You have nothing to lose by doing your own individual experiments,” she says.
The brain can use two fuels
As described in a recent Diet Doctor post on using ketones for Alzheimer’s disease, it has long been known that the brain can use two fuels for its energy needs: glucose or ketones.16
Glucose comes from the breakdown of carbs you eat and is also made by your liver via a process called gluconeogenesis (literally “forming new glucose.”) Ketones are formed in the liver from the breakdown of fatty acids that come from fat in your diet and fat stored in your body.
Although the brain always needs some glucose, your liver will make all the glucose it requires even if you don’t eat any carbs.17 What’s more, researchers have reported that during fasting or strict low-carb eating, ketones can be used to meet between 30-70% of the brain’s energy needs.18
My mantra is that the most powerful way to change your brain chemistry is by food, because that’s where brain chemicals come from in the first place.
Dr. Georgia Ede
Diet Doctor has a number of articles and videos about positive impacts of the ketogenic diet for migraines, brain cancer, and traumatic brain injury.
However, in 2017, two psychiatrists reviewed the research base for psychiatric issues and noted that while promising, there isn’t enough evidence yet to recommend it.19 Dr. Ede takes a more hopeful view. “My mantra is that the most powerful way to change your brain chemistry is by food, because that’s where brain chemicals come from in the first place,” she says.
While the exact mechanisms of ketones on brain health are still unclear, a 2018 paper in the journal Neurochemistry summarized what is known: ketones as fuel in the brain may enhance energy production, increase nerve cell growth factors, strengthen the signal sent between nerve synapses, and reduce brain inflammation.20
Clinical trials slim; basic science promising
Clinical trials that compare various diets’ outcomes among patients with mental health conditions are sorely lacking. However, it’s encouraging that among the more than 3,000 clinical trials registered at Clincaltrials.gov for schizophrenia, two are exploring the ketogenic diet’s impact on this debilitating chronic condition, one of which also includes bipolar disorder.
A notable clinical trial of the ketogenic diet for schizophrenia occurred in 1965, after one of the authors noted that a carbohydrate binge preceded episodes of hallucinations and paranoia in some of his patients.
In the study, 10 women with schizophrenia followed a ketogenic diet for two weeks, along with their standard treatment of medication and ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), which led to a significant decrease in symptoms. A week after the women resumed their usual diets, symptoms returned.21
Despite this preliminary positive outcome, few researchers in the intervening 50 years have investigated the promising potential of the ketogenic diet in schizophrenia.
Evidence that certain impaired brain functions can improve by increasing the use of ketones for brain fuel has existed for almost a century for epilepsy.
Dr. Georgia Ede
The lack of clinical trials, however, does not mean there is a dearth of evidence that the ketogenic diet could have a powerful impact on brain health.
Evidence that certain impaired brain functions can improve by increasing the use of ketones for brain fuel has existed for almost a century for epilepsy.22 Recent studies have confirmed that the ketogenic diet can be very effective for seizure control in some, although not all, people with epilepsy.23
Epilepsy and bipolar disorder share features
It has been known for more than a decade that bipolar disorder shares a number of features with epilepsy.24 Both conditions cycle, both are risk factors for each other, and anticonvulsant drugs used in epilepsy may potentially be effective in helping manage bipolar illness.25
Research is finding that behind many psychiatric and neurological issues — such as bipolar disorder, epilepsy, and migraine — are malfunctions in the work of sodium, potassium and calcium ion channels which pass the electric charge between nerve cells.26
Another nerve cell signaling chemical (neurotransmitter) called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) has also been found to be disordered in bipolar disorder, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.27
A 2017 genetic study also found common pathways between bipolar disorder and epilepsy, including a disruption in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory nerve cells that affect brain function.28
While the science of nerve signaling and genetic mutations is incredibly complex, it makes sense that the ketogenic diet that has been used successfully in epilepsy for 100 years might be helpful in conditions that share some similar features.
In 2013, researchers published a case study of two women with bipolar II disorder who ate long-term ketogenic diets, one for two years and the other for three years.
The authors reported that both women “experienced mood stabilization that exceeded that achieved with medication, experienced a significant subjective improvement that was distinctly related to ketosis, and tolerated the diet well.” They also noted that the two cases “demonstrate that the ketogenic diet is a potentially sustainable option for mood stabilization in type II bipolar illness.”29
A word about wheat
Of all the high-carbohydrate foods that are eliminated on a ketogenic diet, cutting out wheat products — bread, cereals, baked goods, pasta — may be the most significant for mental health disorders.
More than 50 years ago, researchers suggested there might be an association between wheat consumption and symptoms in some people with schizophrenia.30
Of all the high-carbohydrate foods that are eliminated on a ketogenic diet, cutting out wheat products — bread, cereals, baked goods, pasta — may be the most significant for mental health disorders.
Celiac disease is another condition with an established link to psychiatric and neurologic conditions.31 It is estimated that one to two of every 100 people has celiac disease, an immune disorder in which the ingestion of gluten in wheat, rye and barley destroys the lining of the small intestine, leading to a wide array of health problems.32
Another six out of every 100 people may have non-celiac gluten sensitivity.33 It’s been suggested that non-celiac gluten sensitivity may also be linked to mental health issues, although more research is needed in this area.34
In their controversial 2016 paper entitled “Bread and other edible agents of mental disease,” the authors discuss what they believe is a strong association between wheat products and mental illness.35 While they acknowledge that not everyone will see their symptoms resolve, they recommend a wheat-free diet as a trial for anyone with mental health issues.
Fortunately, a ketogenic diet is typically wheat- and gluten-free.
Managing medications while going ketogenic
Are you thinking of trying a ketogenic diet for your mental health? If you are not on any medications, you can begin right away.
If you are on medication, Dr. Ede recommends you work closely with your psychiatrist or mental health care provider. “Ketogenic diets cause profound shifts in brain and body chemistry rather quickly. These changes are almost always positive and healthy, but they can have a major impact on medication levels, dosages and side effects that require close medical supervision,” she says.
In a March 2018 blog post, Dr. Ede provides a range of very helpful tips for anyone already on mood-altering or psychiatric medications who wants to try a ketogenic diet, such as how to talk with your psychiatrist or mental-health provider and what laboratory tests the doctor should order to help monitor your response to the diet.
If you take psychiatric medications, it is critically important to educate yourself, plan ahead, and work closely with your mental health providers before embarking on a ketogenic diet.
Dr. Georgia Ede
Most importantly, she provides details about some specific medications — notably specific antipsychotic medications, anticonvulsant medications, and lithium — that should be carefully monitored. “The bottom line: if you take psychiatric medications, it is critically important to educate yourself, plan ahead, and work closely with your mental health providers before embarking on a ketogenic diet,” she says.
Originally Ole Jørgen Hessen took little to no medication for his bipolar illness, and now he only carries medication as a safety precaution, in consultation with his doctors. Today he finds that by following a keto diet and getting enough exercise and sleep, his moods are predictable and stable. In short, life is good. He is reaching out to friends more. “I even met a girlfriend and we have started a good relationship.” He plans to run the New York City Marathon in the fall of 2018, another first for him.
“This diet is a great tool that you can adapt. I highly recommend that people try it and give it three to five months before drawing any conclusions,” he says.
If you have tried a ketogenic or low-carb diet for mental health concerns, we’d love to hear about your experience.
This article was reprinted by RecipeNet in accordance with Diet Doctor’s copyright policy.
The numbered references throughout the article are listed in the End Notes on page two. The End Notes provide the names of studies and / or Diet Doctor’s grading of the evidence. For example, Diet Doctor will point out when evidence is strong such as in a clinical trial, or weak as in an observational study. These grading comments are then linked to pages explaining Diet Doctor’s grading policy.
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